Final energy consumption of Parisian housing in 2023

The report on the final energy consumption of the private housing stock in 2023 was based on  a representative panel of 222,700 dwellings, both renovated and not, representing 19% of the total stock. It reveals that the main discriminatory/explanatory factor is the level of energy used for heating, linked to the cost of energy, and the type of heating system, be it individual or collective.

The median final energy consumption of housing in the private stock, with electric heating, calculated for the five regulatory uses of energy (heating and cooling, domestic hot water, lighting and appliances) and adjusted for climate variations, was 65 kWh FE (Final Energy) per m² per year in 2023. It was 113 kWh FE for housing with individual gas heating. It reached 182 kWh FE per m² per year in housing with collective gas heating and 148 kWh FE per m² per year in housing supplied with urban heating.

Housing in the private stock represented a moderate level of final energy consumption: 97 kWh FE per m² per year in 2023. This level was not reflected in the thermal performance of buildings, but was rather a result of individual electric heating being widely used (48% individual electric heating). Among individual heating, particularly when run on electricity, the low level of consumption could imply situations where heating was not being turned on, or energy precariousness, particularly in old - faubourien - buildings on the city's outskirts.

The study also looks back for the first time, at consumption before and after work on 46 co-owned properties, renovated in Paris between 2012 and 2021.

Among the 150 co-owned properties renovated in Paris between 2012 and 2021, known by the Paris Climate Agency, it was possible to analyse consumption before and after the renovation of 46 co-ownerships, corresponding to 3,819 housing units, in relation to the type of work carried out and the level of intervention. This mainly concerns large, energy-intensive co-ownerships built between 1940 and 1980, equipped with collective gas heating. The initial results confirm that final energy consumption lowered after renovation work, proportionally in accord with the scale of renovation projects.

Among the 20 co-owned properties which carried out a full range of renovation (including work on the building envelope and the heating system) the average reduction in energy consumption reached -24% (as much as -30% taking only into account 2023 after work finalised and the efforts made to reduce consumption due to the rise in energy prices). The average level of energy consumption following work carried out was 159 kWh FE per m² per year.

The decrease in consumption was -19% in 14 co-ownership properties of the panel where extensive work had been carried out on the building envelope (-27% taking only 2023 into account after work done). The average level of energy consumption observed after work was 177 kWh FE per m² per year with a wide range of consumption levels, before as well as after the work.

The fall in consumption reached -20% in 6 co-owned properties of the panel where work on the heating systems had been carried out (-32% when taking into account only 2023 after work). This significant decrease is relative, however, because the average level of final energy consumption after work remained high, at 200 kWh FE per m² per year.

Lastly, consumption fell by -11% in 6 co-ownerships of the panel where less extensive work was carried out on the building envelope (-14% taking only into account 2023 after work). The average level of real energy consumption after work remained high at 230 kWh FE per m² per year.

It will be possible to consolidate and expand on these initial results in the future, with more renovation projects incorporating more diversified profiles of co-owned properties. This part of the study, on the private Parisian housing stock, using a comparative methodology, completes the assessment, carried out by Apur, on final energy consumption in the Parisian social housing stock, before and after renovation work, and forms the next step to introducing the regular monitoring of final energy consumption in Parisian housing.